Ecological world

The term mold originates from daily life and is not a taxonomic. name of a single systematic group (Reiss 1997; Killerand Morelet 1000). The Deuteromycetes (fungi imperfecti) constitute an artificial group and comprise a great variety of 20,000 -30,000 species of 1,700 genera of I-1 phomycetes and 700 genera of Coelomycetes.  The different molds have a broad spectrum of physiological response with regard to temperature, water activity, pH value etc. and thus can colonize and damage very diverse materials (molding).  Molds are significant in view of damages to foodstuffs, deterioration of natural materials (leather, books, textiles, wallpapers), Nv t h regard to human and animal health, and for biochemists and the manufacturers of antibiotics [77) of about 3,200 admitted antibiotics Originate from fungi: Muller and Loeffler (1991)], organic acids e.g., citronic acid, malic acid: Rehm (1980)1, enzymes (e.g., amylase, protease, lipase, cellulase, pectinase), cheese (Penicillium c

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The damage of wood by fungi is essentially caused by the degradation of the cell wall by fungi, which decreases the mechanical wood properties and substantially reduces wood use.  However, wood quality is also influenced by bacterial, algal and fungal discolorations (e.g., Grosser 1985; Zabel and Morrell 1992; Eaton and Hale 1993). Discolorations in the wood of living trees, in round wood, timber and wood in service are long-known problems and are based on different biotic and abiotic causes (Bauch 1984, 1986; Kreber and Byrne 1994; Koch et al. 2002; Koch 2004; ).  Discolorations in standing trees occur after wounding by wound reactions of the tree  and by the colonization of the stemwood with bacteria and fungi as a result of microorganism-own pigments (e.g., melanin of blue-stain fungi, Zink and Fengel 1989) or of their metabolism (brown, white, and soft rot in trees, chemical reactions of accessory compounds after pH-change by wetwood bacteria and in the splash-heart of be

Viruses  Viruses are small particles (1.0-2,000 tun in size) that infect rtikaryoles as obli gate intracellular parasites. They reproduce by invadiny and (Ain), over other cells as they lack own metabolism and the machinery for sell reproduct ion (Nienhaus 1985a).  Typically, they carry either DNA or RNA surrounded by a coat of protein or protein and lipid. Plant viruses penetrate the shoot, leaf tissue and root via wounds or they are transferred by vectors I aphids, ci-cadas, nematodes, among fungi: Sphaerotheca lanestris (Erysiphales) on oak I. Partial bleaching of chlorophyll results in angular, circular (mosaic) or dif-fuse chloroses. Leaf damage, dwarfing or growth inhibition, distorted growth, and necrotic areas or lesions can occur, that is, virus infection can reduce the tree growth. Over 1,000 virus diseases of plants are described for Europe. Virus diseases in forest trees have been summarized e.g., by Nienhaus and Castello (1989) and Cooper and Edwards (1996)

 Enzymes and Low Molecular Agents               In view of the historical development of the research on wood degration by fungi, this chapter starts with the enzymes invoiveti in the de woody cell Null, although it is now commonly accepted that non-enzymatic low molecular weight metabolites are involved as precursors and / or co-agentswith enzymatic cell wall degradation.  Under the conditions within microbial cells, namely an aqueous environment with pH values around 6 and temperatures of I -50"C, most reactions would run off only very slowly. Enzymes reduce the amount of the necessary activation energy as biocatalysts and control the reaction by substrate and effect specificity.  More than 3,000 enzymes are described. Comparable with the lock/key principle, enzymes possess an active center, into which the substrate must fit, and which thus controls the conversion of the correct substrate (substrate specificity). The protein portion of the enzyme decides on the way

Mycorrhiza ("fungal root") is the association of mutual benefit (mutualistic in-teraction) between a fungus and the root of a higher plant (Agerer et al. to 1986; Willenborg 1990; Allen 1991; Schwantes 1996; Smith and Read 1997; Varma and Hock 1999; Egli and Brunner 2002; v.d. Heijden and Sanders 2002; Peterson et al. 2004). About 80 -95% of the higher plants are capable of mycorrhization (e.g., Bothe and Hildebrandt 2003). Mycorrhizas are differently grouped. The grouping according to Hock and Bartunek (1984) in distinguishes three major forms. "Hartig net (Kottke and Oberwinkler 1986). The colonized roots do no longer possess root hairs; instead hyphae or rhizomorphs radiate into the soil. In the endotrophic mycorrhiza (endomycorrhiza) of the orchids, only a loose hyphal net is formed around the root, and the hyphae settle inside the cells in the root bark area. As an intermediate, the ectendotrophic mycorrhiza is particularly present on roots of 1 to 3-year

                Interactions (reciprocal effects) between wood fungi have been early investi-gated e.g., by Oppermann (1951) and Leslie et al. (1976), and were described in detail by Rayner and Boddy (1988). Antagonism (competitive reciprocal effect), the mutual inhibition and in a broader sense the inhibition of one organism by others, is based on the pro-duction of toxic metabolites, on mycoparasitism, and on nutrient competition.  Antagonisms are investigated as alternative to the chemical protection against tree fungi ("biological forest protection") and against fungi on wood in service ("biological wood protection") (Walchli 1982; Bruce 1992; Holdenrieder and Greig 1998; Phillips-Laing et al. 2003). As early as 1934, Weindling showed the inhibiting effect of Trichoderma species on several fungi. Bjerkandera adusta and Ganoderma species were antagonistic against the causing agent of Plane canker stain disease (Grosclaude et al. 1990). Also, v. Aufseg (197